Ethereum’s Next Frontier: Glamsterdam Upgrade Promises Massive Throughput as Devs Lay Groundwork for Hegotá
By Amir Hassan
The crypto market in mid-May 2026 is a study in contradiction. Bitcoin hovers around $79,133, down from its recent push above $80,000, and the Fear & Greed Index rests at a nervous 43, signaling widespread fear among investors. The total crypto market capitalization sits at $1.58 trillion, reflecting a cautious, sideways sentiment. In these moments, it is easy to get lost in the short-term noise of price charts and macroeconomic data. Yet, far from the trading desks, deep within the blockchain industry’s core, a period of intense and foundational development is unfolding. For Ethereum, the world’s leading smart contract platform, the current focus is on a pair of critical upgrades poised to redefine its capabilities: “Glamsterdam” and “Hegotá.”
While the market frets, Ethereum’s core developers are preparing for the “Glamsterdam” hard fork, tentatively scheduled for June 2026. This upgrade is not a minor patch; it is a fundamental re-architecting of the network’s processing layer. Following that, discussions and early implementations are already solidifying for “Hegotá,” a subsequent upgrade focused on bolstering the network’s censorship resistance. These developments represent the most significant evolution in Ethereum’s roadmap since the Merge, promising to tackle the blockchain trilemma of scalability, security, and decentralization head-on.
## The Promise of Parallelization
The most anticipated feature of the Glamsterdam upgrade is the introduction of parallel transaction processing. For its entire history, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has processed transactions sequentially. One can imagine this as a single-lane highway; every car (transaction) must wait for the one in front of it to pass, regardless of whether their destinations are related. This has been a primary bottleneck, leading to network congestion and high gas fees during periods of peak demand.
Glamsterdam will transform this single-lane road into a multi-lane expressway. By enabling the network to process multiple transactions simultaneously, provided they do not conflict with each other (i.e., they do not touch the same state or smart contracts), the theoretical throughput of the mainnet is set for a dramatic increase. Core developers project that this change alone could triple Ethereum’s Layer 1 transaction capacity.
For the average user, the impact will be immediate and tangible. Lower network congestion naturally leads to lower gas fees, making on-chain activities more affordable. For developers, a more scalable base layer opens up new possibilities for complex applications that were previously too expensive to run directly on mainnet. This move is a direct answer to the high-performance architectures of newer Layer 1 blockchains and is a crucial step in ensuring Ethereum’s long-term competitiveness and utility.
## Enshrining PBS: A More Equitable System
The second pillar of the Glamsterdam upgrade is the implementation of enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation (ePBS). To understand the significance of this, one must first understand the current state of block production on Ethereum. Today, a system known as Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) is already in use via third-party software like MEV-Boost. In this model, specialized, powerful entities called “builders” compete to construct the most profitable block possible by arranging transactions to extract Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). A validator, or “proposer,” then simply accepts the most profitable block from these builders without needing to construct it themselves.
This system works, but it has a crucial vulnerability: it relies on trusted third-party relays to connect proposers and builders. This introduces a potential point of failure and centralization.
Enshrined PBS brings this entire mechanism directly into the Ethereum protocol itself. By making PBS a native, “enshrined” feature, Glamsterdam will remove the need for these external relays. This move drastically enhances the network’s security and decentralization. Proposers will no longer need to place their trust in an intermediary, strengthening the core promise of a trustless system. This creates a more fair, transparent, and robust marketplace for block production, ensuring the network remains resilient and credibly neutral.
## Beyond Glamsterdam: The Svalbard Interop and Hegotá
Even as the final preparations are made for Glamsterdam, the vision for Ethereum’s future is already extending to the next horizon: the “Hegotá” upgrade, expected in late 2026 or early 2027. The groundwork for this was a key focus of a recent Ethereum developer “interop” event held in Svalbard, Norway, during the first week of May. There, in the remote Arctic, developers collaborated on the core components of the next hard fork.
The centerpiece of Hegotá is a feature known as FOCIL (Fork-choice Enforced Inclusion Lists). This sophisticated mechanism is designed to be a powerful tool against network censorship. In the current PBS model, a malicious or compliant block builder could theoretically choose to exclude certain transactions from the blocks they produce. While proposers can attempt to build their own blocks, the economic incentives often favor accepting the builder’s pre-packaged, high-MEV block.
FOCIL directly combats this. It gives proposers the power to create an “inclusion list” of transactions that a builder must include in their block. If the builder returns a block that omits these transactions, the protocol’s fork-choice rule will reject it as invalid. This elegantly restores power to the validators and ensures that as long as there is one honest proposer in the network, any valid transaction can eventually be forced onto the chain. It is a critical defense for the long-term censorship resistance of the Ethereum network.
## A Foundation for the Future
While the market remains fixated on daily price fluctuations and regulatory headlines like the advancing CLARITY Act in the U.S., these deep, technical upgrades are what truly define the trajectory of blockchain technology. The work being done on Glamsterdam and Hegotá is a direct investment in a more scalable, secure, and decentralized future for the internet. For users, it promises a faster and cheaper on-chain experience. For stakers and node operators, it offers improved incentive models and a more resilient network.
The path of technological progress is rarely linear, and it seldom aligns with market cycles. The current “fearful” sentiment is a reflection of short-term uncertainty. The sustained, collaborative effort of hundreds of developers to ship monumental upgrades like Glamsterdam is a reflection of long-term conviction. It is in this divergence—between the ephemeral mood of the market and the concrete progress of the underlying technology—that the real story of innovation is found.
that 15-9 vote in the senate committee is the real deal. finally some legislative precision to end the sec overreach. seeing the clarity act distinguish between securities and commodities is going to open the floodgates for institutional capital. the mastercard/jpmorgan treasury settlement pilot is just the beginning for xrpl utility.
Gas fees on L2 are now low enough for mass adoption
ETH is undervalued relative to its developer activity and TVL
The blob space upgrade changed the L2 economics completely
Tomasz Kowal blob fees went from 0.05 ETH to under 0.01 on base layer. L2s are practically free now. Glamsterdam pushing throughput even further could finally kill the ETH gas fee meme for good
dank_shard_ blob fees under 0.01 ETH changed everything for L2s. glamsterdam could push throughput to where solana actually has competition on TPS
Tomasz Kowal blob fees dropping L2 costs by 10x was the real unlock. Glamsterdam pushing throughput further means L2s can finally compete with centralized chains on speed and cost
it’s a major milestone for the community but the bill still has several stages to go before it’s signed into law. the macro trend is still looking a bit heavy with the fear index at 43. i love that exchange supply is at a seven-year low though, definitely feels like the whales are positioning for something big regardless of the broader market consolidation.
ETH supply is deflationary during high-activity periods — unique value prop
Elena M. fear index at 43 while ETH devs are shipping actual upgrades is the classic divergence. price lags development by months and the Glamsterdam groundwork is being laid exactly when sentiment is weakest
Ines M. the divergence between dev activity and price sentiment is the loudest buy signal in crypto. Glamsterdam in June with ETH near $79k and everyone panicking. seen this movie before
Wei Chen divergence between dev activity and price is real but ETH has been diverging downward for 2 years now. at some point you have to admit the market doesnt care about upgrades
timon_v two years of downward divergence while devs ship Pectra Glamsterdam and 4844. the market not caring about upgrades is a liquidity problem not a tech problem. fundamentals compound silently
The merge was the biggest de-risk event in crypto history
The Pectra upgrade is going to be huge for staking and UX
Glamsterdam competing with Solana on TPS is the bull case but does ETH even need to compete on throughput? L2s already won on fees. throughput is a Solana problem not an Ethereum one
Glamsterdam re-architecting the processing layer is a bigger deal than people think. throughput improvements compound with L2 scaling. ETH at 79k with this upgrade incoming is a strong signal
Hegotá after Glamsterdam means two major upgrades back to back. core devs are moving faster than usual. wonder if the timeline slips like every other ETH upgrade though
Fear and Greed at 43 while devs are shipping the biggest upgrade since the merge. markets are completely disconnected from fundamentals right now
Fear index at 43 while devs ship the biggest upgrade since the merge. same pattern every cycle, sentiment bottoms right when fundamentals peak
Glamsterdam re-architecting the processing layer sounds great but ETH already has L2s handling throughput. competing with SOL on TPS is solving the wrong problem
Wei C. ETH competing with SOL on TPS being the wrong problem when L2s already handle throughput is underrated take. the real bottleneck is UX not base layer speed
two major upgrades back to back means one of them slips. ETH timelines are never accurate. Glamsterdam in June means Hegotá in Q1 2027 at best
fork_skeptic_ the merge was supposed to happen in 2019 and shipped in 2022. 3 year slip on ETH timelines is the historical baseline
Glamsterdam plus Hegotá back to back is ambitious but ETH timelines always slip. merge was supposed to happen in 2019
BTC at 79k with a 43 fear index while devs ship the biggest upgrade since the merge. sentiment and fundamentals have never been more disconnected